If you like to show the shipping rates on the cart page, you should enter the default address in the shipping settings and apply the following change.
In the file app/code/core/Mage/Checkout/Model/Session.php you should find the following line:
$this->_quote = $quote;
And add this code before it:
$sha = $quote->getShippingAddress();
if (!$sha->getCountry()) {
  $country = Mage::getStoreConfig('shipping/origin/country_id');
  $state = Mage::getStoreConfig('shipping/origin/region_id');
  $postcode = Mage::getStoreConfig('shipping/origin/postcode');
  $quote->getShippingAddress()
    ->setCountryId($country)
    ->setRegionId($state)
    ->setPostcode($postcode)
    ->setCollectShippingRates(true);
  $quote->save();
}
In this code we are checking if the quote address country is set. And if it is not, we are set the default address for the current cart/quote.